Nixon and the Mideast
- support for the "dual pillar" of Saudia Arabia and Iran, but also support for Israel
- Nixon Doctrine caused increase in foreign aid, arms exports
- U.S. did not recognize territory gained by Israel in 1967 Six-Day War
- Russian missiles to Egypt after Six-Day War
- Jordan crisis Sept. 1970 - Syrian tank invasion - PLO blow up 3 airliners - Hussein expels PLO
- Nassar died Sept. 28, 1970 - Anwar Sadat planned next war with Faisal of SA and Assad of Syria - Russian aid increased - SCUD missiles with 200-mile range by 1973 - Russian advisers expelled July 18, 1973, when Russia refused increase in aid to Egypt after Nixon's trip to Moscow in May and the USSR-US.grain deal 7/8
- Yom Kippur War began Oct. 6, 1973 - Egypt and Syria attack Israel
- huge Israeli losses Oct. 6-7 - 2000 dead, 340 captured, 49 planes, 500 tanks
- Nixon approved massive airlift to Israel, over objections of Secretary of Defense John Schlesinger and Secretary of State Kissinger who feared Arab oil embargo and Russian intervention
- Oct. 11 - C5A cargo jets began to deliver 200 tons per day to Israel
- Oct. 12 - War Powers Act passed
- Oct. 13 - UN passed resolution for ceasefire based on resol. 232 from 1967
- Oct. 15 - Israel crossed Suez and attacked West Bank in Egypt
- Oct. 18 - Russia supported UN ceasefire
- Oct. 19 - SA asked U.S. to support resol. 232, but Nixon asked Congress for $2.2b emerg aid for Israel
- Oct. 20 - SA began oil embargo - but U.S. imports continued from other countries
- Kissinger flew to Moscow Oct. 20 with the "full authority" to negotiate a ceasefire
- Oct. 22 - U.N. approved Russian. ceasefire-in-place, but ignored by Israel, esp. by Gen. Ariel Sharon, hero of the war and opponent of peace with Arabs - Israel seeking to surround and trap the Egyptian 3rd Corps of 35,000 on the East Bank and isolate Suez City
- Oct. 24 - Brezhnev ultimatum - ceasefire must be enforced by joint US-USSR force to save Egyptian army, Or Russia would intervene unilaterally - Russia went on military alert and began to resupply Egyptian 2nd Army in the north, supposedly with nuclear warheads on SCUD missiles.
- Oct. 25 - Nixon order DEFCON 3 alert and sent note to Brezhnev urging UN solution
- Oct. 26 - Russian alert ended - UN resol 338 to create 7000-man buffer zone force from non-nuclear members
- Kissinger began "shuttle diplomacy" 1973-75
1. Ceasefire - Nov. 1973
- Sadat concession of accepting a corridor to Suez in return for releasing Israeli POWs
- Kilometer 101 agreement Nov. 11 after Israeli Cabinet approved: corridor, POWS, resol 338 checkpoints, end of Egyptian blockade of Red Sea, end of Israel siege of Suez City
- results: U.S.-Egyptian diplomatic relations resume since broken 1967; Herman Eilts to be U.S. ambassador to Cairo
- Kissinger trip to Feisal unsuccessful - oil embargo continued
- French Foreign Minister Michel Jobert critical of US-USSR detente; ignored NATO; Europe needed Arab oil; France sought to develop independent nuclear force
2. Sinai Disengagement - Jan. 1974
- Sadat's 3 concessions: Israel could keep Giddi and Mitla Passes in Sinai; Egyptian SAM missile pullback 30 km; Egyptian tank pullback across Suez
- Kissinger persuades Golda Meir to accept and pullback Israeli forces 20 mi.
- signed at Kilometer 101 Jan. 18
- results: end of oil embargo by March and start of Geneva conference Dec. 21
3. Syria Disengagement - May 1974
- Kissinger went 24230 miles in 34 days with Nancy (married Mar. 30)
- indirect pressure: "I will leave for Damascus at 11 o'clock. Give me your position."
- UN buffer zone between Syria and Israeli-held Golan Heights; no Syrian guns in range of Quneitra (1200 artillery duels since ceasefire); pullback to 3 zones; return of 154 sq. mi. to Syria from Oct. War, and 30 sq. mi. from 1967 War, including orchards planted by Israelis at Quneitra; Israel to keep military position on Mt. Hermon and 3 hills overlooking Quneitra
- Nixon trip in June - US aid to Syria, Jordan, Israel, and nuclear reactor to Egypt
4. Sinai One Agreement - Sep. 1975
- Israel returned to Egypt 2 passes and oil field; Sadat promised no use of force against Israel; US to send 200 technicians to Sinai because Israel did not trust UN force; secret memo to supply Israel with advanced weapons- Lebanon war between PLO, Syria postponed of final peace until Camp David 1978
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