1. Henry's Wonderful Machine

• Henry Kissinger replaced Walt Rostow as National Security Advisor
  
• William Rogers replaced Dean Rusk as Secretary of State
  
• Melvin Laird replaced Clark Clifford as Secretary of Defense
  
• Kissinger and Nixon were pragmatic, flexible, sought order and stability, balance of power, and direct, controlling foreign policy from the White House and NSC rather than relying on bureaucracy
  
• influence of NSC increased - produced options and info for Nixon
  
• elitist staff - Alexander Haig, Roger Morris, Mort Halperin, Helmut Sonnenfeldt, Larry Eagleburger
  
• interagency committees - Defense Program Review Committee; the 40 Committee for secret covert operations such as destbilization of Chile; WSAG Washington Special Actions Group, Intelligence Committee
  

2. Vietnamization

3. Detente

• arms limitation, relative security, linkage of issues, building block approach
  
• Kissinger believed "peace was not a universal realization of one nation's desires, but a general acceptance of a concept of international order."
  
• Soviets had built stockpile of 1200 ICBMs, especially the SS-9
  
• Nixon under pressure from JCS to expand U.S. arsenal of 1054 ICBMs, Polaris subs with 656 missles, 450 B-52 bombers - sought to deploy new MIRV warheads - Multiple Independently-targeted Reentry Vehicle - and ABMs - Anti-Ballistic Missle defense
  
• Kissinger worked closely with Dobrynin from Helsinki meeting Nov. 17, 1969 to Moscow summit May 22-29, 1972
  
• agreement in Nov. 1971 to sell $136m wheat, and $125 oil drilling equipment to Russia
  
• SALT I Treaty signed in Moscow May 29, 1972 - ICBM numbers frozen for 5 years, giving Russia more missles but U.S. allowed to deploy MIRV warheads; both allowed to deploy 2 ABM sites but no more; Basic Principles accepted concept of equality of strategic aresenals
  
• Brezhnev agreed to help Nixon push North Vietnam to negotiate end to war, and Nixon began trade with Russia, sale of wheat, Siberian gas investment - but Sen. Henry Jackson led passage of Jackson-Vanik amendment to withhold most favored nation status until Russia allowed unlimited Jewish emigration and guaranteed human rights
  
• Cienfuegos issue handled with quiet diplomacy rather than grow into a public crisis that might destroy detente
  
  • 8/26/70 - U2 photos of new sub base in south Cuba; Russian fleet arrived Sep. 9
    
  • 9/16/70 - U.S. issued public warning - no missle subs in Cuba
    
  • 10/10/70 - subs left Cuba when U.S. said it considered event a "training exercise"
    
  • 11/7/70 - sub tender returned, U.S. protested, tender left 1/3/71
    
  • 2/14/71 - Russian fleet returned, U.S. protest, fleet left 3/1/71
    
  • 5/10/71 - Russian tender and sub returned, U.S. protest, again ships left
    
• Willy Brandt sought German detent with Russia - "Ostpolitik" - led negotiations that resulted in Helsinki Treaty 1975 - existing boundaries of Europe confirmed, especially West Berlin belonged to West Germany - both Germanys admitted to UN - Eastern Europe agree to "basket 3" human rights agreement
  
• CNN The Cold War episode 16

4. Geopolitics

• detente with Russia and China, but local communist governments were challenged, else they upset the balance of power
  
• Chile destabilized 1971-72 to overthrow Salvadore Allende, the 1st Marxist freely-elected in South America in 1970 - economy lost trade, general strike, inflation - Allende died in Sep. 11, 1973 coup
  
• U.S. supported Turkey's invasion of Cyprus July 20, 1974 - Kissinger favored overthrow of Makarios July 5 by rightist officers - Kissinger ignored State Dept. advice to cut off military aid to Turkey because of the illegal invasion
  
• Nixon ended arms embargo to South Africa - 1971 Byrd Amendment allowed U.S. to buy chromium from Ian Smith's white minority government in Rhodesia despite UN boycott - South Africa supported UNITA party in Angola because SWAPO (SW Africa People's Organization) used Angola as base for operations to win the independence of Namibia
  
• U.S. supported Portugal's rule over Angloa until independence granted in Nov., 1975 - Russia supported MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) and U.S. waged covert war with arms and mercenaries against the MPLA in 1975 - Cuba sent 13,000 troops to support rebel Neto in Nov. but Congress refused aid to Angola - MPLA won civil war in 1976 and Pres. Neto recognized by Organization of African Unity
  

5. Mideast